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REGIONAL ANESTHESIA AND PAIN MEDICINE - Small-Dose S(+)-Ketamine Reduces Postoperative Pain When Applied with Ropivacaine in Epidural Anesthesia for Total Knee Arthroplasty - IMPLICATIONS: Epidural S(+)-ketamine applied with ropivacaine before surgery is a rational approach to decrease injury-induced pain sensitization. Epidural blockade with an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist and a local anesthetic may provide better analgesia in the postoperative period than a local anesthetic alone./
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